Ctenophores and parahoxozoans independently evolved functionally diverse voltage-gated K⁺ channels

The ctenophore species Mnemiopsis leidyi is known to have a large set of voltage-gated K⁺ channels, but little is known about the functional diversity of these channels or their evolutionary history in other ctenophore species. Here, we searched the genomes of two additional ctenophore species, Beroe ovata and Hormiphora californensis, for voltage-gated K⁺ channels and functionally expressed a subset of M. leidyi channels. We found that the last common ancestor of these three disparate ctenophore lineages probably had at least 33 voltage-gated K⁺ channels. Two of these genes belong to the EAG family, and the remaining 31 belong to the Shaker family and form a single clade within the animal/choanoflagellate Shaker phylogeny. We additionally found evidence for 10 of these Shaker channels in a transcriptome of the early branching ctenophore lineage Euplokamis dunlapae, suggesting that the diversification of these channels was already underway early in ctenophore evolution. We functionally expressed 16 Mnemiopsis Shakers and found that they encode a diverse array of voltage-gated K⁺ conductances with functional orthologs for many classic Shaker family subtypes found in cnidarians and bilaterians. Analysis of Mnemiopsis transcriptome data show these 16 Shaker channels are expressed in a wide variety of cell types, including neurons, muscle, comb cells, and colloblasts. Ctenophores therefore appear to have independently evolved much of the voltage-gated K⁺ channel diversity that is shared between cnidarians and bilaterians.