Cytoplasmic clumps of mutant huntingtin (arrows, top) are smaller in cells that produce an internal antibody (bottom).
The symptoms of Huntington's disease—which include personality changes and jerky movements—stem from damage triggered by a version of the protein huntingtin that sports extra copies of the amino acid glutamine. The abnormal protein forms globs in the nuclei of brain cells and stifles transcription of necessary genes. Smaller clumps of huntingtin also lurk in the cytoplasm, but researchers weren't sure whether these could injure neurons.
To find out, Wang et al. produced an intracellular antibody, or intrabody, that preferentially targeted mutant huntingtin in the cytoplasm. In rat brain cells that produce mutant huntingtin, nuclei break up and neurites—extensions that connect to neighboring cells—deteriorate. But both of these defects were less common when the authors engineered the cells to produce the intrabody.
The researchers then scaled up from cells to whole animals and asked whether the intrabody eased symptoms in mice that make mutant huntingtin. The team injected a virus carrying the intrabody gene into the striatum, a brain area devastated in the disease. Compared with controls, the injected animals had less difficulty walking and were better able to keep their balance on a slowly revolving rod. However, their life span didn't increase, possibly because the intrabody protects only one of the brain regions injured by faulty huntingtin.
Intrabody-making cells harbored less mutant huntingtin in neurites than did control cells, the team found. The intrabody appears to promote attachment of ubiquitin molecules that spur destruction of the rogue molecules.
Because symptoms are less severe when the intrabody ties up mutant protein in the cytoplasm, the researchers conclude that nonnuclear huntingtin is responsible for some ill effects of the disease. How cytoplasmic huntingtin causes harm remains uncertain, however. 
