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DC F-actin depolymerization affects immune synapse structure and T cell priming efficiency.(A) Bright field images of mature DCs treated with 1 µM MycB (right) or DMSO (left). Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Flow cytometry profiles of DMSO and 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs. Cd11c/MHC II plots are pregated on FSC-A/SSC-A population defined by black oval on the left, representative example of three biological replicates. (C) Immunofluorescence images of synapses formed between DMSO or 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs and T cells. Upper panel: overview pictures, yellow dotted line outlines DC. Scale bar: 5 µm. Middle panel: en face view on the synaptic interface. Scale bar: 1 µm. Lower panel: surface reconstruction of the synaptic interface. (D) Percentages of mono- and multifocal synapses formed between T cells and 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs, n = 20 cell duplets for each condition, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (E) Percentages of activated T cells assessed by CD62L/CD69 surface expression after 16 h of coculture with DMSO or 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (F) CFSE dilution profile of T cells after 96 h of coculture with DMSO or 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, representative example of three biological replicates. (G) Proliferation indices of CFSE-labeled T cells after 96 h of coculture with DMSO or 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (H) Absolute T cell numbers after 96 h of coincubation with DMSO or 1 µM MycB-treated mature DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. Data in E, G, and H were tested for normal distribution, transformed if necessary, and tested by using Student’s t test. FSC-A, forward scatter–A; ns, not significant; SSC-A, side scatter–A. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure 1. DC F-actin depolymerization affects immune synapse structure and T cell priming efficiency . (A) Bright field images of mature DCs treated with 1 µM MycB (right) or DMSO (left). Scale bar: 10 µm. (B) Flow cytometry profiles of DMSO More about this image found in DC F-actin depolymerization affects immune synapse structure and T cell pri...
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Further characterization of MycB treated DCs. (A) Flow cytometry experiment displaying relative mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) for Cd11c (left) and MHC II (right) of DMSO- or 1 µM MycB–treated mature DCs, three biological replicates. (B) 7–Actinomycin D (7-AAD) life/dead stain flow cytometry histograms (left) and relative mean fluorescence intensities (right) of DMSO- or 1 µM MycB–treated mature DCs, three biological replicates.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure S1. Further characterization of MycB treated DCs. (A) Flow cytometry experiment displaying relative mean fluorescence intensities (MFIs) for Cd11c (left) and MHC II (right) of DMSO- or 1 µM MycB–treated mature DCs, three biological More about this image found in Further characterization of MycB treated DCs. (A) Flow cytometry experimen...
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Characterization of the structure and dynamics of the DC and T cell actin cytoskeleton at the immunological synapse. (A) 3D projection of Lifeact-eGFP–expressing OT-II T cells (red), interacting with DMSO control (upper) or 1 µM MycB–treated (lower) and 5-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-stained mature DC (green). (B) En face time-lapse reconstruction of T cell synapses shown in A (yellow boxes). (C) Relative Lifeact-eGFP intensities along yellow lines shown in B. (D) Time-lapse series of synapses formed between WASP-eGFP (upper) or eGFP-Abi1 (lower) expressing mature WT DCs and OT-II T cells in confiner setup. Yellow ovals demarcate the outline of the T cell. Scale bar: 5 µm. (E) Deviation of maximum WASP-eGFP or Abi1-eGFP signal at the synapse from mean intensity in the cell body, n = 7 synapses for each reporter construct, t test. (F) 3D projection of Lifeact-eGFP–expressing OT-II T cells (red) interacting with WT (top) or hem1−/− (bottom) TAMRA-stained mature DCs (green). (G) En face time-lapse reconstruction of T cell synapses shown in F (yellow boxes). All scale bars: 5 µm. ****, P ≤ 0.0001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure S2. Characterization of the structure and dynamics of the DC and T cell actin cytoskeleton at the immunological synapse. (A) 3D projection of Lifeact-eGFP–expressing OT-II T cells (red), interacting with DMSO control (upper) or 1 µM More about this image found in Characterization of the structure and dynamics of the DC and T cell actin c...
Images
Dynamic F-actin foci at the DC immune synapse.(A) Schematic overview of PDMS confiner setup. (B) Left: Maximum intensity projection of Lifeact-eGFP–expressing mature WT DC interacting with TAMRA-stained T cells. Scale bar: 10 µm. Right: Z-stack of bright Lifeact-eGFP signal region on the left. Scale bar: 5 µm. (C) Examples of mature WT and hem1−/− DC–T cell immune synapses and machine learning–based segmentation of synaptic DC Lifeact-eGFP signal. Scale bar: 2 µm. (D) Normalized area of synaptic DC Lifeact-eGFP signal, n = 100 synapses each, Mann-Whitney test, mean ± SD, three biological replicates. (E) Normalized synaptic DC Lifeact-eGFP signal, n = 100 synapses each, Mann-Whitney test, mean ± SD, three biological replicates. (F) Left: Time-lapse series of synaptic DC Lifeact-eGFP signal. Right: Stack through time-lapse series. (G) Kymograph of yellow line in F. (H) Frame-to-frame similarity of synaptic DC Lifeact-eGFP signal, n ≪ 6,000 frame comparisons each, Mann-Whitney test, mean ± min/max, two biological replicates. ****, P ≤ 0.0001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure 2. Dynamic F-actin foci at the DC immune synapse. (A) Schematic overview of PDMS confiner setup. (B) Left: Maximum intensity projection of Lifeact-eGFP–expressing mature WT DC interacting with TAMRA-stained T cells. Scale bar: 10 µm. More about this image found in Dynamic F-actin foci at the DC immune synapse. (A) Schematic overview of ...
Images
Flow cytometry analysis of immature and mature wt and hem1−/− DCs. (A) Flow cytometry profiles of MHC II– and Cd11c-stained immature (left) or mature (right) WT or hem1−/− DCs. (B) Flow cytometry histograms of immature (light colors) and mature (dark colors) of WT (top) or hem1−/− (bottom) DCs stained for CD80, CD86, or CD40, respectively. (C) Flow cytometry histograms of three biological replicates for Lifeact-eGFP–expressing mature WT and hem1−/− DCs.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure S3. Flow cytometry analysis of immature and mature wt and hem1 −/− DCs. (A) Flow cytometry profiles of MHC II– and Cd11c-stained immature (left) or mature (right) WT or hem1−/− DCs. (B) Flow cytometry histograms of immature (light More about this image found in Flow cytometry analysis of immature and mature wt and hem1 −/− ...
Images
Hem1−/− DCs are impaired in T cell activation.(A) Percentage of activated T cells assessed by CD62L/CD69 surface expression at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (B) Exemplary CD62L/CD69 flow cytometry profile of T cells after 16 h of coculture with mature WT or hem1−/− DCs. (C) IL-2 ELISA after 16 h of T cell mature WT or hem1−/− DC coculture at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (D) CFSE dilution profile of T cells after 96 h of coculture with mature WT or hem1−/− DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, representative example of three biological replicates. (E) Absolute T cell numbers after 96 h of coincubation with mature WT or hem1−/− DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (F) Proliferation indices of CFSE-labeled T cells after 96 h of coculture with mature WT or hem1−/− DCs at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (G) Exemplary CD4/CD69 (top) and CD4/IL-2 (bottom) flow cytometry profile of T cells after 6 h coculture with WT or hem1−/− DCs. (H) Fraction of IL-2–positive T cells after 4 or 6 h of coculture with mature WT or hem1−/− DCs, pregated on CD4high/CD69high, two biological replicates, one-way ANOVA, mean + SD. (I) Normalized IL-2 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD4high T cells after 4 or 6 h of coculture with mature WT or hem1−/− DCs, two biological replicates, one-way ANOVA, mean + SD. Data were normalized to WT 4 h. 10 µg/ml brefeldin A was added for the last 3 h of the cocultures in G, H, and I. Data in A, C, E, and F were tested for normal distribution, transformed if necessary, and tested by using Student’s t test. ns, not significant. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001; ****, P ≤ 0.0001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure 3. Hem1−/− DCs are impaired in T cell activation. (A) Percentage of activated T cells assessed by CD62L/CD69 surface expression at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. (B) Exemplary More about this image found in Hem1−/− DCs are impaired in T cell activation. (A) Percentage ...
Images
Hem1−/− DCs alter synapse structure and dynamics.(A) Fluorescence microscopy images of synapses formed between mature WT or hem1−/− DCs and T cells stained with phalloidin and DAPI. Scale bar: 5 µm. (B) Percentages of T cell surface area in contact with DC, ∼50 cells each, t test, mean ± SD, three biological replicates. (C) Interaction times of mature WT or hem1−/− DCs with T cells in the absence (−) or presence (+) of OVA323-339 peptide, n = 50 contacts each for (+) or n = 30 contacts each for (−), Mann-Whitney test, mean ± min/max, three biological replicates. (D and E) EM of WT DC–T cell synapse, T cells are colored in red, yellow box and dotted lines denote region magnified in E, yellow arrows highlight T cell protrusions. (F and G) EM of hem1−/− DC–T cell synapse, T cell is colored in red, yellow box and dotted lines denote region magnified in G. Scale bars: 1 µm in D and F, 300 nm in E and G. (H) Frequency histograms in percent of the angles found between DC and T cell membranes, n = 4 synapses each, two biological replicates, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, P ≤ 0.0001. (I) Frequency histograms in percent of the cleft size found between DC and T cell membranes from H, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, P ≤ 0.0001. ns, not significant. ****, P ≤ 0.0001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure 4. Hem1−/− DCs alter synapse structure and dynamics. (A) Fluorescence microscopy images of synapses formed between mature WT or hem1−/− DCs and T cells stained with phalloidin and DAPI. Scale bar: 5 µm. (B) Percentages of T cell More about this image found in Hem1−/− DCs alter synapse structure and dynamics. (A) Fluoresc...
Images
The dependency of T cell priming defects on the pERM-ICAM1-LFA-1 axis are specific to hem1−/− DCs. (A) Quantification of the number of T cells contacted by mature WT and hem1−/− DCs. Bars represent the median. Mann-Whitney test, three biological replicates. (B) Flow cytometry histogram for ICAM1 in mature WT and hem1−/− DCs. (C) Percentages of WT or 1 µM MycB–treated mature DCs activating β2-integrin–deficient T cells, as assessed by CD62L/CD69 surface expression at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations. (D) Normalized relative number of WT and hem1−/− DCs in the popliteal lymph node 24 h after coinjection in a 1:2 ratio. t test. Data are pooled from nine different mice. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ****, P ≤ 0.0001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure S4. The dependency of T cell priming defects on the pERM-ICAM1-LFA-1 axis are specific to hem1−/− DCs. (A) Quantification of the number of T cells contacted by mature WT and hem1−/− DCs. Bars represent the median. Mann-Whitney test, three More about this image found in The dependency of T cell priming defects on the pERM-ICAM1-LFA-1 axis are s...
Images
The hem1−/− DC–T cell priming defect is mediated by the pERM–ICAM1–LFA-1 axis.(A) Western blots for ERM, pERM, and GAPDH in mature WT and hem1−/− DCs, representative example of three biological replicates. (B) Relative intensity of pERM signal in mature WT and hem1−/− DCs, t test, three biological replicates. (C) Schematic overview of AFM setup for tether pulling. (D) Static tether force for mature WT and hem1−/− DCs, two biological replicates, t test. (E) Percentages of activated β2-integrin–deficient T cells assessed by CD62L/CD69 surface expression at indicated OVA323-339 peptide concentrations, three biological replicates, mean ± SD. Data were tested for normal distribution, transformed if necessary, and tested by using Student’s t test. ns, not significant. *, P ≤ 0.05; ***, P ≤ 0.001.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure 5. The hem1−/− DC–T cell priming defect is mediated by the pERM–ICAM1–LFA-1 axis. (A) Western blots for ERM, pERM, and GAPDH in mature WT and hem1−/− DCs, representative example of three biological replicates. (B) Relative intensity of More about this image found in The hem1−/− DC–T cell priming defect is mediated by the pERM–ICA...
Images
Hem1−/− DCs have T cell priming defects in vivo.(A) Schematic overview of experimental setup for two-photon intravital microscopy. (B) In vivo interaction times of mature WT or hem1−/− DCs and T cells, n = 45 cell–cell interactions each, Mann-Whitney test. Percentages refer to cell–cell interactions that start and end within the 30-min time window, two biological replicates. (C) Frequency histograms in percent of DC–T cell interaction times from B. (D) Schematic overview of experimental setup for in vivo T cell proliferation assays. (E) Gating strategy to determine the CFSE proliferation profiles of CD45.2/CD4 T cells in CD45.1 mice after WT or hem1−/− DC T cell priming. (F) Absolute CD45.2/CD4 T cell numbers in the popliteal lymph nodes of CD45.1 mice 72 h after DC injections, n = 6 lymph nodes each, Mann-Whitney test, two biological replicates. (G) Proliferation indices of CFSE-labeled T cells from F, t test. ns, not significant. **, P ≤ 0.01.
Published: 03 February 2021
Figure 6. Hem1−/− DCs have T cell priming defects in vivo. (A) Schematic overview of experimental setup for two-photon intravital microscopy. (B) In vivo interaction times of mature WT or hem1−/− DCs and T cells, n = 45 cell–cell interactions More about this image found in Hem1−/− DCs have T cell priming defects in vivo. (A) Schematic...

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