The Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) Lysophospholipid Receptor S1P₃ Regulates MAdCAM-1⁺ Endothelial Cells in Splenic Marginal Sinus Organization

Marginal zones (MZs) are microdomains in the spleen that contain various types of immune cells, including MZ B cells, MOMA1⁺ metallophilic macrophages, and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1)⁺ endothelial cells. MAdCAM-1⁺ and MOMA1⁺ cells line the sinus, that separates MZs from splenic follicles. Here we show that a receptor for the lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), S1P₃, is required for normal numbers of splenic immature and MZ B cells, and for S1P-induced chemotaxis of MZ B cells. S1P₃ is also essential for proper alignment of MOMA1⁺ macrophages and MAdCAM-1⁺ endothelial cells along the marginal sinus. The lack of cohesion of the marginal sinus in S1P₃^−/− mice affects MZ B cell functions, as wild-type (WT) MZ B cells migrate more into S1P₃^−/− follicles than into WT follicles after treatment with lipopolysaccharide. Additionally, short-term homing experiments demonstrate that WT MZ B cells home to the S1P₃^−/− spleen in increased numbers, suggesting a role for the marginal sinus in regulating MZ B cells numbers. Moreover, S1P₃^−/− mice are defective in mounting immune responses to thymus-independent antigen type 2 due to defects in radiation-resistant cells in the spleen. These data identify lysophospholipids and the S1P₃ receptor as essential regulators of the MZ sinus and its role as a barrier to the follicle.