Control of Single Channel Conductance in the Outer Vestibule of the Kv2.1 Potassium Channel

Current magnitude in Kv2.1 potassium channels is modulated by external [K⁺]. In contrast to behavior expected from the change in electrochemical driving force, outward current through Kv2.1 channels becomes larger when extracellular [K⁺] is increased within the physiological range. The mechanism that underlies this unusual property involves the opening of Kv2.1 channels into one of two different outer vestibule conformations, which are defined by their sensitivity to TEA. Channels that open into a TEA-sensitive conformation generate larger macroscopic currents, whereas channels that open into a TEA-insensitive conformation generate smaller macroscopic currents. At higher [K⁺], more channels open into the TEA-sensitive conformation. In this manuscript, we examined the mechanism by which the conformational change produced a change in current magnitude. We started by testing the simplest hypothesis: that each pharmacologically defined channel conformation produces a different single channel conductance, one smaller and one larger, and that the [K⁺]-dependent change in current magnitude reflects the [K⁺]-dependent change in the percentage of channels that open into each of the two conformations. Using single channel and macroscopic recordings, as well as hidden Markov modeling, we were able to quantitatively account for [K⁺]-dependent regulation of macroscopic current with this model. Combined with previously published work, these results support a model whereby an outer vestibule lysine interferes with K⁺ flux through the channel, and that the [K⁺]-dependent change in orientation of this lysine alters single channel conductance by changing the level of this interference. Moreover, these results provide an experimental example of single channel conductance being modulated at the outer end of the conduction pathway by a mechanism that involves channel activation into open states with different outer vestibule conformations.