Panel A shows a schematic diagram explaining the categories of cells analyzed. It shows the transition from glucose to glycerol-ethanol and the cell cycle stages of G1-switchers and S/G2/M-switchers. Panel B shows a series of vertical box-and-whisker plots showing phase lengths for different cell cycle stages and conditions. The horizontal axis represents different cell cycle stages and conditions, while the vertical axis represents phase length in minutes. The plots compare wild type (WT) and various deletion mutants (whi5 delta, bck2 delta, whi5 delta bck2 delta) across different stages. Panel C shows a series of vertical box-and-whisker plots showing cell volume at the end of different cell cycle phases. The horizontal axis represents different cell cycle stages and conditions, while the vertical axis represents cell volume in femtoliters (fL). The plots compare wild type (WT) and various deletion mutants (whi5 delta, bck2 delta, whi5 delta bck2 delta) across different stages.
Nutrient switch causes cell cycle arrests in switchers and leads to stronger cell enlargement in bck2Δ cells. (A) Schematic explanation for cell categories analyzed in this figure. (B) Phase lengths are plotted for switchers’ switch-cell-cycles (yellow) and cell cycles after switch-cell-cycle (green). The outermost left and right panels show steady-state phase lengths for SCD and SCGE, respectively, which each were measured from two independent experiments with constant medium conditions. (C) This dataset is also used to determine cell volume at the end of the respective cell cycle phases (fL). Cell volume at the end of S/G2/M is a sum of mother and bud volume at the last frame before division. The number of cells in each box in the steady-state panels is between 450 and 950. For the nutrient switch panels, cells were pooled from three independent experiments. For G1-switchers’ switch-cell-cycle G1 (yellow, left): nWT = 144, nwhi5Δ = 59, nbck2Δ = 67, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 50. For G1-switchers’ switch-cell-cycle S/G2/M (yellow, left): nWT = 132, nwhi5Δ = 46, nbck2Δ = 56, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 42. For S/G2/M-switchers’ switch-cell-cycle G1 (i.e., the G1 phase before the switch, yellow, right): nWT = 239, nwhi5Δ = 107, nbck2Δ = 116, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 115. For S/G2/M-switchers’ switch-cell-cycle S/G2/M (yellow, right): nWT = 197, nwhi5Δ = 66, nbck2Δ = 66, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 94. For G1-switchers’ cell-cycle-after-switch-cell-cycle G1 (green, left): nWT = 120, nwhi5Δ = 34, nbck2Δ = 49, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 34. For G1-switchers’ cell-cycle-after-switch-cell-cycle S/G2/M (green, left): nWT = 91, nwhi5Δ = 14, nbck2Δ = 39, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 26. For S/G2/M-switchers’ cell-cycle-after-switch-cell-cycle G1 (green, right): nWT = 164, nwhi5Δ = 47, nbck2Δ = 51, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 61. For S/G2/M-switchers’ cell-cycle-after-switch-cell-cycle S/G2/M (green, right): nWT = 138, nwhi5Δ = 45, nbck2Δ = 29, nwhi5Δbck2Δ = 46. Statistical comparisons were performed using two-sided Mann–Whitney U tests. Each strain was compared with WT and whi5Δbck2Δ (***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; *: P < 0.05; ns: not significant, P ≥ 0.05). For boxplots in B and C, box limits show the IQR, whiskers extend to the most extreme data points within 1.5× IQR, the median is shown as a line, and the mean is shown as a cross. WT, wild type; IQR, interquartile range.