Panel A: A forest plot shows the risk of various dengue complications associated with neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The x-axis represents the odds ratio (OR) on a logarithmic scale, ranging from 0.001 to 100000. The y-axis lists complications: severe thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia, cardiac injury, kidney injury, hepatic injury, cerebral injury, and shock. Each complication has an associated OR, 95 percent confidence interval (CI), and P-value. Hypoproteinemia and cardiac injury show significantly higher ORs. Panel B: A forest plot illustrates the risk of hypoproteinemia associated with different types of NAbs. The x-axis represents the OR on a logarithmic scale, ranging from 0.001 to 100000. The y-axis lists different NAb groups: anti-IFN-alpha 2 NAbs, anti-IFN-omega NAbs, anti-IFN-alpha 2 and/or anti-IFN-omega NAbs, and anti-IFN-alpha 2 and anti-IFN-omega NAbs. Each group has an associated OR, 95 percent CI, and P-value. The ORs for anti-IFN-alpha 2 and/or anti-IFN-omega NAbs and anti-IFN-omega NAbs are notably high. Panel C: A forest plot depicts the risk of cardiac injury associated with different types of NAbs. The x-axis represents the OR on a logarithmic scale, ranging from 0.001 to 100000. The y-axis lists different NAb groups: anti-IFN-alpha 2 NAbs, anti-IFN-omega NAbs, anti-IFN-alpha 2 and/or anti-IFN-omega NAbs, and anti-IFN-alpha 2 and anti-IFN-omega NAbs. Each group has an associated OR, 95 percent CI, and P-value. The ORs for anti-IFN-alpha 2 NAbs, anti-IFN-omega NAbs, and anti-IFN-alpha 2 and/or anti-IFN-omega NAbs are significantly high.
Assessment of IFN-I autoantibodies as a potential risk factor for multiple dengue complications. (A) The association between NAbs (defined as the combined anti–IFN-α2 NAbs and anti–IFN-ω NAbs group) and multiple complications. (B) The association between NAbs (anti–IFN-α2 NAbs, anti–IFN-ω NAbs, anti–IFN-α2 and/or anti–IFN-ω NAbs, anti–IFN-α2, and anti–IFN-ω NAbs, respectively) and hypoproteinemia. (C) The association between NAbs (anti–IFN-α2 NAbs, anti–IFN-ω NAbs, anti–IFN-α2 and/or anti–IFN-ω NAbs, anti–IFN-α2, and anti–IFN-ω NAbs, respectively) and cardiac injury. ORs and P values were estimated using Firth’s bias-corrected logistic regression, with adjustment for age and sex. Propensity score matching was also applied to adjust for age, sex, and comorbidity confounders.