Panel A shows confocal microscopy images and fluorescence intensity graphs of mitochondrial damage under multiple stress conditions. Panel B shows confocal microscopy images and fluorescence intensity graphs of damaged mitochondria in mutant nematodes. Panel C shows confocal microscopy images and fluorescence intensity graphs after optogenetic induction of mitochondrial damage. Panel D shows super resolution microscopy images of mitochondrial membrane disruption following ultrasonic cellular injury.
MAI-1 reports mitochondrial damage induced by diverse stresses. (A) Left, representative confocal image of MAI-1::GFP and TOMM-20::mKate2 in the epidermal hyp7 before and after mechanical puncture, ultrasonic, and cold shock (−20°C) stress. Right, quantification of fluorescence intensity along 15 μm lines across the wound site. Strains: Phyp-7-TOMM-20::mKate2 (zjuSi126); Pcol-19-MAI-1::GFP (zjuSi510). The white dashed lines indicate the analysis region. Scale bar, 10 and 5 μm (zoom in). (B) Left, representative confocal image of MAI-1::GFP and TOMM-20::mKate2 in aass-1 and argn-1 mutant. Enlarged and damaged mitochondria colocalize with MAI-1::GFP. Right, quantification of fluorescence intensity along 15 μm lines across the wound site. Strains: aass-1 (yq211), argn-1 (yq187); Phyp-7-TOMM-20::mKate2(zjuSi126); Pcol-19-MAI-1::GFP (zjuSi510). The white dashed lines indicate the analysis region. Scale bar, 10 and 5 μm (zoom in). (C) Left, representative confocal images of MAI-1::GFP and TOMM-20::mKate2 after optogenetic mitochondrial damage. The entire NGM plate was uniformly illuminated with blue light. 2 HZ blue-light illumination of TOMM-20::miniSOG-induced sustained mitochondrial damage. Right, quantification of fluorescence intensity along 15 μm lines across the wound site. Strains: Phyp-7-TOMM-20::mKate2 (zjuSi126); Pcol-19-MAI-1-GFP (zjuSi510); Pcol-19-TOMM-20::miniSOG (zjuEx3393). The white dashed lines indicate the analysis region. Scale bar, 10 and 5 μm (zoom in). (D) Representative single-plane HIS-SIM images of MAI-1::GFP and TOMM-20::mYonghong after ultrasonically induced damage. The white arrowheads indicate membrane damage. ROI, 1024 × 1024 pixels. Strains: Pcol-19-TOMM-20::mYonghong(zjuSi577); Pcol-19-MAI-1::GFP (zjuSi510). Scale bar, 5 and 1 μm (zoom in).