Type 1 I F N Auto-Abs from 1981 to 1984, severe zoster. Type 2 I F N Auto-Abs from 2004, I L-6 Auto-Abs from 2008, I L-17A slash F Auto-Abs from 2010, G M-C S F Auto-Abs from 1999 and 2013, cryptococcal meningitis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, staphylococcal disease, M S M D. Panel C: Type 1 I F N Auto-Abs from 2020, I L-27 Auto-Abs, E B V disease, COVID-19.
Autoantibodies against cytokines underlying infections. Auto-Abs neutralizing type II IFN were first reported in 2004 in adults with environmental mycobacterial disease (see text). Auto-Abs neutralizing IL-6 were reported in 2008 in an otherwise healthy child with staphylococcal disease. Auto-Abs neutralizing IL-17A and IL-17F were reported in 2010 in patients with APS-1 and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Auto-Abs neutralizing GM-CSF were first reported in 1999 in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (104), and in 2013 in patients with cryptococcal meningitis (105). Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs and underlying a viral disease were first reported in 1981–1984, but their pathogenic role was not accepted until 2020. Auto-Abs neutralizing IL-27 in patients with EBV disease were reported in 2024. IL-10–neutralizing auto-Abs reported in 2024 underlie severe forms of inflammatory bowel disease (106).