Figure 3.
Numbers of patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs by center, year of enrollment, and lineage in 13 cohorts from five countries. (A) Distribution by year (x axis), recruitment center (colors), and infecting WNV virus lineage (WNV-1, dashed boxes; WNV-2, dotted boxes) of the individuals with WNVD recruited. Of the 666 patients with WNVD, 423 were recruited in Italy: 116 in Pavia (20 in 2018, 50 in 2022, and 46 in 2023), 196 in Padua (89 in 2018 and 107 in 2022), 58 in Bologna (47 in 2022 and 11 in 2023), 40 in Turin (29 in 2018 and 11 in 2022), and 13 in Milan (13 in 2023); 99 patients were recruited in Budapest, Hungary (20 in 2018, 11 in 2019, and 68 in 2024); 32 were recruited in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 2024; 31 were recruited in Vienna, Austria, between 2015 and 2024; and 81 were recruited in Houston, Texas, USA, between 2002 and 2010. In total, 84/666 (13%) patients were recruited between 2002 and 2017, 165/666 (25%) were recruited in 2018, 12/666 (18%) were in 2019, 1/666 was recruited in 2021, 217/666 (33%) were recruited in 2022, 71/666 (11%) were recruited in 2023, and 116/666 (17%) were recruited in 2024. (B) Number of individuals with auto-Abs neutralizing at least one type I IFN at a concentration of 100 pg/ml (IFN-α2 and IFN-ω) or 1 ng/ml (IFN-β) in subgroups of WNND patients: WNE, WNM, AFP, and UNS, by WNV lineage. (C and D) Number and prevalence of individuals with auto-Abs neutralizing at least one type I IFN at a concentration of 100 pg/ml (IFN-α2 and IFN-ω) or 1 ng/ml (IFN-β) in the three groups of individuals infected with WNV (WNVIC, WNVF, and WNVD), by enrollment center. (E and F) Number and prevalence of individuals with auto-Abs neutralizing at least one type I IFN at a concentration of 100 pg/ml (IFN-α2 and IFN-ω) or 1 ng/ml (IFN-β) in the three groups of individuals infected with WNV (WNVIC, WNVF, and WNVD), by enrollment year. WNND, WNV neuroinvasive disease, a subset of WNVD; WNE, WNV encephalitis; WNM, WNV meningitis; AFP, acute flaccid paralysis; UNS, unspecified neurological syndrome (subsets of WNND group).

Numbers of patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs by center, year of enrollment, and lineage in 13 cohorts from five countries. (A) Distribution by year (x axis), recruitment center (colors), and infecting WNV virus lineage (WNV-1, dashed boxes; WNV-2, dotted boxes) of the individuals with WNVD recruited. Of the 666 patients with WNVD, 423 were recruited in Italy: 116 in Pavia (20 in 2018, 50 in 2022, and 46 in 2023), 196 in Padua (89 in 2018 and 107 in 2022), 58 in Bologna (47 in 2022 and 11 in 2023), 40 in Turin (29 in 2018 and 11 in 2022), and 13 in Milan (13 in 2023); 99 patients were recruited in Budapest, Hungary (20 in 2018, 11 in 2019, and 68 in 2024); 32 were recruited in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 2024; 31 were recruited in Vienna, Austria, between 2015 and 2024; and 81 were recruited in Houston, Texas, USA, between 2002 and 2010. In total, 84/666 (13%) patients were recruited between 2002 and 2017, 165/666 (25%) were recruited in 2018, 12/666 (18%) were in 2019, 1/666 was recruited in 2021, 217/666 (33%) were recruited in 2022, 71/666 (11%) were recruited in 2023, and 116/666 (17%) were recruited in 2024. (B) Number of individuals with auto-Abs neutralizing at least one type I IFN at a concentration of 100 pg/ml (IFN-α2 and IFN-ω) or 1 ng/ml (IFN-β) in subgroups of WNND patients: WNE, WNM, AFP, and UNS, by WNV lineage. (C and D) Number and prevalence of individuals with auto-Abs neutralizing at least one type I IFN at a concentration of 100 pg/ml (IFN-α2 and IFN-ω) or 1 ng/ml (IFN-β) in the three groups of individuals infected with WNV (WNVIC, WNVF, and WNVD), by enrollment center. (E and F) Number and prevalence of individuals with auto-Abs neutralizing at least one type I IFN at a concentration of 100 pg/ml (IFN-α2 and IFN-ω) or 1 ng/ml (IFN-β) in the three groups of individuals infected with WNV (WNVIC, WNVF, and WNVD), by enrollment year. WNND, WNV neuroinvasive disease, a subset of WNVD; WNE, WNV encephalitis; WNM, WNV meningitis; AFP, acute flaccid paralysis; UNS, unspecified neurological syndrome (subsets of WNND group).

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