Acute restraint stress induces inflammatory responses. (A) Serum IL-6 levels after 4-h restraint stress in C57BL/6J mice (control, n = 8 mice; restraint, n = 8 mice). Data are represented as individual mouse data points pooled from two independent experiments. Unpaired t test. (B) ΔHR for 4-h restraint stress. (C) AUC of ΔHR for 4-h restraint stress. Data are represented as individual mouse data points (control, n = 4 mice; restrain, n = 5 mice, mixed-effects analysis with Šidák correction). Unpaired t test. (D) Core body temperature for 4 h after restraint stress. (E) Serum corticosterone levels after 4-h restraint stress (control, n = 7 mice; restrain, n = 7 mice). Data are represented as individual mouse data points pooled from two independent experiments. Unpaired t test. (F) tdTomato⁺ cell count per brain region after acute restraint stress (n = 6) or control condition (n = 4) in TRAP2/tdTomato mice. (G) Schematic of stress-TRAPed-neurons followed by IL-1β re-exposure in TRAP2-tdTomato mice. The representative images of stress-TRAPed tdTomato⁺ cells in the BNST co-stained with c-Fos after IL-1β administration. Right panel shows the percentages of tdTomato⁺c-Fos⁺ cells in tdTomato⁺ cells in the BNST of stress alone or stress + IL-1β administered mice. Data are represented as individual mouse data points. This experiment was completed once. Scale bar, 100 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.