Vcl KO does not increase migration speed, but reduces persistence of MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) Representative phase-contrast images of cell lines indicated. Scale bar, 100 µm. (B) Quantification of cell aspect ratio and cell spread area on a 2D surface (N = 3, n > 108 cells). (C and D) Speed and (D) persistence of MDA and Vcl KO cells migrating on 2D surfaces. (E) Representative trajectories of cells moving on 2D surfaces. (F) Representative color-coded time lapses of cells migrating on 2D surfaces where each cell outline represents a 50-min interval from the previous outline. Scale bar, 50 µm. (G) Magnitude of displacement from origin at each time point. Note: some SEM bars are too small to display (N = 3, n = 78–95 cells for C–G). (H) Quantification of invasive fractions of MDA and Vcl KO cells through collagen-coated transwells (N = 3, n = 6). (I and J) Speed and (J) persistence of cells migrating in a 1.5 mg/ml collagen matrix (N = 3, n = 42–52 cells). (K) Representative XY trajectories of cells moving in a 1.5 mg/ml collagen matrix. (L) Cell aspect ratio and spread area in a 1.5 mg/ml collagen matrix (N = 3, n = 42–52 cells). The box-and-whisker plot shows median and 25th/75th percentile (box), min to max (whiskers), and mean (+). Bar graphs denote the mean ± SEM. XY plot shows the mean ± SEM. ns = not significant, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.