Overview of tissue heterogeneity and cell type abundance in the single-cell dataset. (A) Cell type proportions by disease status (left) and patient (right, n = 7 HIV⁺TB⁺; n = 2 TB⁺; n = 1 HIV⁺, n = 3 cancer control). (B) Low-dimensional embedding (UMAP) of all scRNA-seq data colored by patient HIV status (left) and TB status (right). (C) Dot plot showing expression levels of top 2 DE genes in each of the broad-level cell types. (D) Two-sided Fisher’s exact test for abundance of major cell types between samples from patients with previous TB diagnosis and samples from control patients. Holm’s method was applied to adjust P values for multiple-testing correction. Statistical annotations: P value < 0.05 (*) and P value < 0.001 (***).