Cyclin A2 modulates cell migration and invasion. (A) Wound-healing migration assay performed on confluent NIH3T3 cells infected with shLuc or shCycA2. Pictures were taken at the time of scratch (t = 0) and 4 and 12 h afterward. Migration velocities were calculated after time-lapse acquisitions for 22 h and normalized with shLuc condition. (*, P > 0.05; n = 3). Black dotted lines indicate scratch limits. Bar, 200 µm. (B) Representative microscope fields of insert membranes after a Boyden chamber migration assay and quantification of the stained cells (P = 0.0007; n = 3). Bar, 100 µm. ***, P = 0.0001. (C and D) Cell invasion in 3D collagen matrix for NIH3T3 and NIH3T3-RasV12 cells (C; *, P = 0.01; n = 6) and MDA-MB-231 cells after depletion or forced expression of Cyclin A2 (D; *, P = 0.015; **, P = 0.0043; n = 6). Invasion ratios were relative to either shLuc-treated cells (C) or to cells infected with empty virus (D). Data are means ± SEM.