RhoA is required for T cell polarity on ECs. (a) CEM cells on EC were stained for the indicated proteins. Representative RhoA knockdown cells with an elongated tail (middle) or two or more protrusions (bottom). Arrows, polarized protein localization in control cells; arrowheads, F-actin–rich protrusions in RhoA knockdown. (b) CEM cells on EC were scored for the indicated polarity categories (n = 3; ≥100 cells/experiment). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; compared with siControl (black asterisks) or siRhoA-1 (red asterisks) determined by Student-Newman-Keuls repeated measure analysis of variance. (c) Images from time-lapse videos. (top) Polarized control cell migrating on EC. Arrows, lamellipodium; *, uropods. (middle) Polarized RhoA knockdown cell. Arrowheads, elongated tails. (bottom) Rounded RhoA knockdown cell with two protrusions. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Bars, 10 µm.