Figure 1.
Increased levels of prc expression in fat cells of HSD-fed flies affect cardiac function. (A and B) Schematic representations showing the anatomical location of the adult Drosophila heart (A) and the association of PCs and cardiac ECM with the heart (B). (C) Schematic representation of the diet regimen followed to rear flies on high dietary sugar. (D) Changes in the hemolymph glucose levels in ND- and HSD-fed flies with age. (E–F′) High dietary sugar leads to an increase in Prc (red) accumulation around the heart (F) as compared with that observed in flies reared on ND (E). E′ and F′ represent zoomed-in images of the second cardiac chamber marked with a box in E and F, respectively. Scale bars, 100 μm (E and F) and 50 μm (E′ and F′). (G) Quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity for Prc accumulation around the second heart chamber of flies reared on either ND or HSD. The dots represent the samples analyzed for each condition. (H) Representative M-mode records for heartbeats of adult flies reared on either ND or HSD, showing the movement of the heart tube walls (y-axis) over time (x-axis). (I) Increase in arrhythmia index of the heart upon rearing the flies on HSD. The dots represent the samples analyzed for each condition. (J) Scheme showing the interorgan communication circuitry between the PCs and the fat cells responsible for regulating prc expression from the fat cells under normal physiological conditions. (K) Increase in the levels of prc expression in the fat cells of HSD-fed flies. The transcript levels are normalized to that of the constitutive ribosomal gene rp49. (L and M) HSD induced an increase in the reporter GFP expression for prc (green) in the fat cells (M) as compared with those reared on ND (L). Phalloidin (red) marks the cardiac tube and the alary muscles. Scale bars, 100 μm. (N) Changes in the levels of prc expression upon knocking down either stat92E or dome in the fat cells of flies reared on either ND or HSD. The transcript levels are normalized to that of the constitutive ribosomal gene rp49. Genotypes are as mentioned. Data are represented as mean ± SD. P values (ns ≥ 0.05, ***P < 1 × 10−3) were obtained by unpaired Student’s t test (two-tailed) with Welch’s correction (G, I, and K) or by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (N). d, day.

Increased levels of prc expression in fat cells of HSD-fed flies affect cardiac function. (A and B) Schematic representations showing the anatomical location of the adult Drosophila heart (A) and the association of PCs and cardiac ECM with the heart (B). (C) Schematic representation of the diet regimen followed to rear flies on high dietary sugar. (D) Changes in the hemolymph glucose levels in ND- and HSD-fed flies with age. (E–F′) High dietary sugar leads to an increase in Prc (red) accumulation around the heart (F) as compared with that observed in flies reared on ND (E). E′ and F′ represent zoomed-in images of the second cardiac chamber marked with a box in E and F, respectively. Scale bars, 100 μm (E and F) and 50 μm (E′ and F′). (G) Quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity for Prc accumulation around the second heart chamber of flies reared on either ND or HSD. The dots represent the samples analyzed for each condition. (H) Representative M-mode records for heartbeats of adult flies reared on either ND or HSD, showing the movement of the heart tube walls (y-axis) over time (x-axis). (I) Increase in arrhythmia index of the heart upon rearing the flies on HSD. The dots represent the samples analyzed for each condition. (J) Scheme showing the interorgan communication circuitry between the PCs and the fat cells responsible for regulating prc expression from the fat cells under normal physiological conditions. (K) Increase in the levels of prc expression in the fat cells of HSD-fed flies. The transcript levels are normalized to that of the constitutive ribosomal gene rp49. (L and M) HSD induced an increase in the reporter GFP expression for prc (green) in the fat cells (M) as compared with those reared on ND (L). Phalloidin (red) marks the cardiac tube and the alary muscles. Scale bars, 100 μm. (N) Changes in the levels of prc expression upon knocking down either stat92E or dome in the fat cells of flies reared on either ND or HSD. The transcript levels are normalized to that of the constitutive ribosomal gene rp49. Genotypes are as mentioned. Data are represented as mean ± SD. P values (ns ≥ 0.05, ***P < 1 × 10−3) were obtained by unpaired Student’s t test (two-tailed) with Welch’s correction (G, I, and K) or by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (N). d, day.

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