Data augmentation. (a) The data augmentation techniques applied for the cell cortex dataset include (left to right): Gaussian blur, element-wise addition, contrast normalization, simple pixel value addition, gamma adjustment, multiplying pixel values, dropout pixels, adding Gaussian noise, flipping left/right, flipping up/down, cropping, scaling, rotating, translating, and shearing the image. (b) The same augmentation techniques as described in a were applied for the spindle dataset. Scale bar: 5 µm.