N-cadherin and ARF3 expression identify poor-outcome prostate cancer patients. (A–E) ARF3 mRNA expression in normal prostate, PT, and metastasis samples from prostate cancer patients. Patient numbers, on graph. Glinsky (Glinsky et al., 2004), Grasso (GSE35988), Lapointe (GSE3933), Taylor (GSE21032), TCGA, Tomlins (GSE6099), Varambally (GSE3325). P values, Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test. (F and G)CDH2 mRNA (Log₂, RNA-Seq by Expectation-Maximization [RSEM]) from Normal vs. Primary Tumor prostate samples (dataset, TCGA). Patient numbers, on graph. (F), all samples; (G), matched samples from same patients. Lines, directionality of change in normal compared to tumor; red, elevated in tumor; gray, elevated in normal. P values, two-tailed unpaired t test with Welch’s correction, ****P ≤ 0.0001. (H) CDH2/N-cadherin protein from prostate tumor samples with different Gleason Grade scores (dataset, TCGA). Patient numbers, on graph. P value, one-way ANOVA with Tukey corrections for multiple testing and ***P ≤ 0.001. (I–K) Clinical parameters upon grouping of patients based on quartiles of expression (Q1–4) for N-cadherin protein or CDH2 mRNA in prostate tumor samples. (I) New neoplasm post initial therapy. (J) Neoplasm status. (K) Lymph node stage. Dataset, TCGA. Patient numbers, on graph. Data presented as percentage of samples in each quartile grouping in presented categories. P values, chi-squared test. (L–N) Progression-free survival of prostate cancer patient groups based on quartiles (Q1 versus Q2–4 combined) of expression in tumor samples of (L) ARF3 mRNA, (M) CDH2 mRNA, or (N) CDH2/N-cadherin protein. P values, log rank test. Dataset, TCGA. Patient numbers, on graph. (O) Progression-free survival of prostate cancer patient groups based on median split (M1, low versus M2, high) of CDH2/N-cadherin protein and ARF3 mRNA expression in prostate tumors. P values, log rank test. Dataset, TCGA. Patient numbers, on graph.