Cytoplasmic ATP changes induced by ATP synthase inhibition. (A) Cytoplasmic ATP levels (± SEM) after 1.5 µM oligomycin in the absence or presence of 100 µM CK666, or 1 µM CCCP using GO-ATeam1. Data were normalized to DMSO control. n ≥ 24 cells per group combined from two independent experiments. Arrow indicates time of treatment. Statistical significance was calculated by two-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparisons test and presented in Table S1. Experiments done in 25 mM glucose without serum. (B) Cytoplasmic ATP levels (± SEM) after 1.5 µM oligomycin in the absence or presence of 100 µM CK666, or 1 µM CCCP using GO-ATeam1. Data were normalized to DMSO control. n ≥ 24 cells per group combined from two independent experiments. Arrow indicates time of treatment. Statistical significance was calculated by two-way ANOVA using Tukey’s multiple comparisons test and presented in Table S1. Experiments done in 2 mM glucose without serum. (C) AMPK activation after 5 min treatment of MEFs with ETC or ATP synthase inhibition. Actin is used as a loading control. Experiments done in 2 mM glucose without serum. Number of experiments, statistical tests, and sample sizes are provided in Table S1. Source data are available for this figure: SourceDataFS7.