Non-canonical autophagy contributes to the Salmonella host response. (a and b) ATG16L1 ^−/− HCT116 cells and those re-expressing FLAG-tagged WT and K490A ATG16L1, were infected with either WT (a) or ΔsopF Salmonella (b) for 1 h and imaged by confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. (c) Quantification of GFP-rLC3B positive Salmonella in cells treated as in a and b. At least 100 bacteria were counted for each condition. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments. **, P < 0.006; ****, P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test.