DC interactions with actMCs alter cytokine secretion. ELISA results for supernatants from BMMC-imDC experiments at 2 and/or 12 h comparing secretion of IL-1ra, MIP-1α, MCP-1, and TNF under different conditions were plotted. Results are representative of data from ≥3 independent experiments for each cytokine tested. Samples are as follows: DC, DCs alone; DC+DNP, DCs with DNP-BSA; MC, MC alone; actMC, MCs activated with DNP-BSA; DC+MC, co-culture of MC and DCs; DC+actMC, co-culture of DNP-BSA activated MCs and DCs; DC+MC_TW, DCs and MCs separated by a transwell; and DC+actMC_TW, activated MCs separated from DCs by a transwell. Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests were performed to determine significance. P-value is relative to the number of asterisks (*, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001). For IL-1ra, changes are compared with DC sample and for MIP-1α, and MCP-1 changes are compared with actMC sample. (bottom right) TNF secretion shows the expected increase with MC activation and is not altered by DC interactions. Error bars are SEM.