NMIIA and NMIIB are critical for invasion through 3D collagen gels. (A) Representative x–z projection images of Vybrant DiI fluorescently labeled MDA-MB 231 cells. Dashed line marks 20-µm distance from bottom. Bars, 50 µm. Invasiveness was quantified via confocal z-section analysis, where extent of invasion is scored as the fraction of cells that invade >20 µm into the gel during a 24-h invasion assay. (B) Quantification of invasion of 4T1 cells through 5.8 mg/ml of collagen gel during 24-h incubation. (C) Quantification of invasion of MDA-MB 231 cells through 5.8 mg/ml of collagen gel. MDA-MB-231 cells were co-cultured with nonfluorescent macrophages to enhance invasiveness (Goswami et al., 2005). 4T1 cells were cultured in the absence of macrophages. (D) GFP-NMIIB expression in MDA-MB 231 cells rescued invasion through 3D collagen gels to control levels. Data were compiled from three independent replicates; n = 15–30 fields analyzed per condition. Error bars indicate SEM; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 as compared with control.