The role of substrate adhesion in neuronal migration and force generation. (a) Pulling assay. Pulling the LP of GCs at the middle point. Broken lines show the location of soma and LP growth cone before and after pulling. Bars, 10 µm. (b) Summary of results of the pulling experiments. Under migratory or stationary conditions, the number of GCs that showed the first detachment site at the soma or at the growth cone of LP after pulling is shown. (c) Immunostaining of markers of adhesion complexes (FAK, paxillin, vinculin). (d) FAK inhibition with Y11 (∼50–200 µM) enhanced the strain energy of GCs (n = 7). Broken lines show the normalized strain energy (1 unit) before drug application.