Meningeal and skull vascular MRI in humans. (A and B) VW-MRI (A) and meningeal vascular 3D mapping by MRI (B) of a patient with IIH and CSF leak (patient 1 in Table 1). (A) Transcalvarial connections at the level of the superior longitudinal sinus (SSS). A few transcalvarial veins (TcV) connecting the SSS with subcutaneous veins (SuV) and the systemic circulation were associated with tiny nonvenous channels filled with perisinusal fluids (red asterisk). (B) Native 3D T1 SPACE DANTE sequence. Coronal imaging plane across the cribriform plate (CP) and the maxillary sinuses (MS). Intracranially, enhanced gadobutrol signal was detected along the SSS (white arrow) and the perivenous space of several cortical veins (white arrowhead). Extracranially, the olfactory epithelium (OE) was strongly enhanced after gadobutrol injection, but no gadobutrol signal was observed from the dura mater across the CP (blue arrow). Scale bar: 1 cm (A and B). (C–E) Quantitative MRI of human MLVs. Data show mean + SEM; one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple-comparisons test; *, P < 0.05. (C and D) MLV volume measurements between females and males (C) and between neurological disorders (D). For each patient, MLV volume was normalized against the TIV. MLV volume was greater in males (n = 4) than in females (n = 7). No significant difference was observed between groups of patients, except for the male patient with GSD, who showed the greatest MLV volume. (E) MLV/vein volume ratio in the superior sagittal (SSS), the straight (StS), and the lateral (LS) and cavernous (CAV) sinuses. MLVs of CAV have a higher MLV/vein volume ratio compared with other MLV beds and show higher interindividual variation. Data show mean + SEM; one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s multiple-comparisons test; *, P < 0.05.