ATG16L1 in the epithelium protects against intestinal injury after MNV infection. (A and B) Survival (A) and clinical disease score (B) of Atg16L1^f/f (f/f) and Atg16L1^ΔIEC (ΔIEC) mice treated with 5% DSS ± MNV infection. n = 22 (f/f), 11 (ΔIEC), 16 (f/f + MNV), and 19 (ΔIEC + MNV). (C and D) Representative H&E images of small intestine harvested from mice treated as in A and quantification of villi length (C) and Paneth cells (yellow arrowheads; D). At least 50 villi and crypts were quantified per mouse. n = 9 (f/f), 9 (ΔIEC), 6 (f/f + MNV), and 6 (ΔIEC + MNV). (E and F) Representative H&E images of colon and quantification of colon histopathology (E) and colon length (F) from mice treated as in A. n = 13 (f/f), 13 (ΔIEC), 15 (f/f + MNV), and 13 (ΔIEC + MNV). (C–E) Bars: 100 µm (C and E); 20 µm (D). Data points represent individual mice in B, E, and F, individual villi in C, and individual crypts in D. Bars represent mean ± SEM, and at least two independent experiments were performed. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001 by Mantel-Cox in A and one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test in B–F.