Detection of the voltage-sensing elements in the two voltage-gated ion channels, Shaker (Long et al., 2007; Yazdi et al., 2016) and NavMs (Sula et al., 2017). (A) Illustrated representation of the two channels. The residues whose $ζ j$ is larger than the detection threshold are shown. (B) $ζ j$ values estimated for Shaker and NavMs; the average and the standard deviation are shown. The positively and negatively charged residues are shown as blue and red bars, respectively. The dashed lines represent the detection threshold. S1–S6 denotes the transmembrane segments, and ph+SF is the pore helix and the selectivity filter. The residues shown in blue or red and in bold correspond to the known voltage sensors and were detected by our method; those shown in blue and not in bold correspond to the known voltage sensors, for which our method showed $ζ j$ below the detection threshold. Finally, residues shown in black were detected by our method but were not yet shown to play a role in voltage sensitivity.