Imaging and clinical findings of infections and inflammation in IEI. (A) Nocardia farcinica pneumonia in a 17-year-old patient with CGD that did not improve until corticosteroids were added. (B) Tree-in-bud airway inflammation with pulmonary P. aeruginosa and NTM infection in a 21-year-old patient with DOCK8 deficiency. (C) Dilation of common biliary duct (arrow) on liver Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) with Cryptosporidium complicating DOCK8 deficiency. (D) Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) found on chest imaging in a 22-year-old patient who presented with Cryptococcus gattii meningitis and then found to have neutralizing anti-GM-CSF antibodies. PAP can also be seen with GATA2 deficiency and other conditions. (E) Rubella associated skin granulomas on the lower extremity of a 37-year-old patient with TAP2 deficiency. (F)Helicobacter bilis–associated lower extremity skin lesion in a 17-year-old patient with XLA.