Proposed mechanism for the CTA-induced antitumor effect. Tumor cells may generate CTAs through frameshift mutations. CTA is subsequently presented by DCs and enhances cross talk with CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells. This DC–T cell cross talk spreads the T cell immune responses to previously unrecognized neoantigens with low immunoreactivity, leading to better ICB response and prognosis.