Analysis of K48-linked ubiquitination profiles in HEK293T cells transfected with V5/HIS-tagged PSMB10 variants. HEK293T cells pretreated with IFN-γ (200 U/ml for 24 h) were transfected with various PSMB10-V5/HIS constructs and analyzed for K48-linked ubiquitin-protein conjugates by SDS-PAGE, followed by western blotting. GAPDH was used as a loading control to ensure equal protein input. Right panel: Densitometric quantification of high molecular weight (>70 kDa) ubiquitinated proteins. Data are shown as fold changes relative to wild-type (WT) PSMB10-V5/HIS, normalized to GAPDH, with WT levels set to 1 (indicated by the gridline). Results represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. Source data are available for this figure: SourceData FS2.