mRNA expression levels of V5/HIS-tagged PSMB10 variants in transfected HEK293T cells. HEK293T cells transfected with various PSMB10-V5/HIS constructs were subjected to total RNA extraction, followed by semiquantitative RT-PCR using primers targeting PSMB10 and the polyadenylation signal of the expression vector (BGH). GAPDH amplification was used as a loading control to ensure equal RNA input across samples. Right panel: Densitometric quantification of PSMB10-V5/HIS transcript levels. Data are presented as fold changes relative to wild-type (WT) PSMB10-V5/HIS, normalized to GAPDH, with WT levels set to 1 (indicated by the gridline). Values represent mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. Source data are available for this figure: SourceData FS1.