Rare coding variants in cadherin and catenin pathway genes. (A–C) Lollipop plots show the distribution of rare protein-altering variants in (A) CTNND1, (B) CDH1, and (C) CDH3 identified in probands with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate. Protein domains are shown along the x axis with colors indicating distinct functional domains. CC, coiled-coil domain; ARM, armadillo domain; EC, extracellular cadherin. Each lollipop represents an individual variant; the size of the lollipop indicates how many times a variant was seen in our dataset. Variants with labels are de novo (marked with an asterisk), inherited from an affected parent, or classified as pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants include missense (gray lollipop), stop gain (red lollipop), splice region (purple lollipop), and in-frame indel (blue lollipop).