3D visualization of LVs in human dermis and s.c. adipose tissue by confocal microscopy. (A and B) Confocal images of (A) human dermis (upper 200 µm) and (B) s.c. adipose tissue showing LVs and blind-ended lymphatic capillaries (depicted by *), as well as BVs (vWF⁺). PDPN: Podoplanin. (C and D) Confocal images of (C) human dermis (upper 200 µm) depicting lymphatic capillaries (PDPN⁺LYVE-1⁺aSMA⁻) and (D) human adipose tissue showing a lymphatic collector (PDPN⁺aSMA⁺). A representative image of >10 experiments (A) is shown. One lymphatic collector (PDPN⁺aSMA⁺) was observed in 10 whole mounts of adipose tissue (B and D) and none in >10 whole mounts of dermis (C). Scale bars (A–D): 50 µm. (E) Representative confocal image of human s.c. adipose tissue immunostained for PDPN, aSMA, and VE-cadherin (n = 4 donors). The picture represents a Tilescan of multiple stitched images. The white arrows highlight valve-like structures. Scale bar: 100 µm.