AMP derived from 1C metabolism restrains the progression of DSS-induced colitis by promoting ILC2 function. (A–K) WT (Xbp1^+/+Il5^RFP-Cre) or cKO (Xbp1^f/fIl5^RFP-Cre) mice were gavaged with H₂O or AMP (800 mg/kg) at day 0 to day 5 during 3% DSS treated for 6 days. Experimental design (A). DAI scores (B) were monitored every day during the experiments. The blue asterisk represents the comparison between the WT and cKO groups; the purple asterisk represents the comparison between the cKO+H₂O and cKO+AMP groups. Representative large intestine images (C). Lengths of colons (D). Representative H&E staining of the colon. Scale bar, 500 μm (E). Histological severity scores of colons (F). Flow cytometry analysis of GATA3 expression after gating on CD45.2⁺Lin⁻ cells in large intestinal LPLs (G). Absolute numbers of ILC2s (CD45.2⁺Lin⁻GATA3⁺) (H). Flow cytometry analysis of Areg, IL-5, and IL-13 expression in ILC2s (I). Percentages (J) and absolute numbers (K) of Areg⁺, IL-5⁺, and IL-13⁺ ILC2s. Data were compiled from three independent experiments. Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 5 per group). (L–V) WT mice were gavaged with H₂O or AMP (800 mg/kg) at day 0 to day 5 during 3% DSS administered for 6 days. Experimental design (L). DAI scores (M) were monitored at the indicated time points. Representative large intestine images (N). Lengths of colons (O). Representative H&E staining of the colon. Scale bar, 500 μm (P). Histology scores (Q). Flow cytometry analysis of GATA3 expression after gating on CD45.2⁺Lin⁻ cells in large intestinal LPLs (R). Absolute numbers of ILC2s (CD45.2⁺Lin⁻GATA3⁺) (S). Flow cytometry analysis of Areg, IL-5, and IL-13 expression in ILC2s (T). Percentages (U) and absolute numbers (V) of Areg⁺, IL-5⁺, and IL-13⁺ ILC2s. Data were compiled from two independent experiments. Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n = 6 per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.