Numerical simulation of retinal neural circuit models. (A) Simulated membrane potential changes in RBCs, OFF CBCs, ON CBCs, AII ACs, OFF RGCs, and ON RGCs in the WT circuit model. Light stimulation (black bar: bottom) hyperpolarizes OFF CBCs, while it depolarizes RBCs, ON CBCs, and AII ACs. The firing rate increases at light offset in OFF RGCs and at light onset in ON RGCs. (B) Schematic diagram of the WT circuit model. Filled and open arrows to BCs indicate hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current inputs, respectively. Excitatory (magenta) and inhibitory (cyan) synapses, as well as gap junctions (▬), are illustrated. (C) Simulated membrane potential changes in the Trpm1 KO circuit model. OFF CBCs and OFF RGCs respond to light stimulation. RBCs, ON CBCs, AII ACs, and ON RGCs show no light responses due to the loss of TRPM1. ON CBCs and AII ACs exhibit membrane oscillations. Both OFF and ON RGCs show spontaneous oscillatory firing. (D) Schematic diagram of the Trpm1 KO circuit model. Due to the loss of TRPM1, RBCs and ON CBCs do not respond to light stimulation. The cells with oscillations are shown by striped patterns. (E) Simulated membrane potential changes in the mGluR6 KO circuit model. OFF CBCs and OFF RGCs respond to light stimulation. RBCs, ON CBCs, AII ACs, and ON RGCs show no light responses due to the loss of mGluR6. ON CBCs and AII ACs do not exhibit marked membrane oscillations. (F) Schematic diagram of the mGluR6 KO circuit model. Due to the loss of mGluR6, RBCs and ON CBCs do not respond to light stimulation. (G) Simulated membrane potential changes in the rd1 circuit model. RBCs, ON CBCs, OFF CBCs, AII ACs, OFF RGCs, and ON RGCs show no light responses due to photoreceptor degeneration. ON CBCs and AII ACs exhibit membrane oscillations, similar to those observed in the Trpm1 KO circuit model (C). OFF and ON RGCs show spontaneous oscillatory firing. (H) Schematic diagram of the rd1 circuit model. Due to photoreceptor degeneration, BCs do not receive synaptic currents from photoreceptors. The cells with oscillations are shown by striped patterns.
Figure 5.

Numerical simulation of retinal neural circuit models. (A) Simulated membrane potential changes in RBCs, OFF CBCs, ON CBCs, AII ACs, OFF RGCs, and ON RGCs in the WT circuit model. Light stimulation (black bar: bottom) hyperpolarizes OFF CBCs, while it depolarizes RBCs, ON CBCs, and AII ACs. The firing rate increases at light offset in OFF RGCs and at light onset in ON RGCs. (B) Schematic diagram of the WT circuit model. Filled and open arrows to BCs indicate hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current inputs, respectively. Excitatory (magenta) and inhibitory (cyan) synapses, as well as gap junctions (▬), are illustrated. (C) Simulated membrane potential changes in the Trpm1 KO circuit model. OFF CBCs and OFF RGCs respond to light stimulation. RBCs, ON CBCs, AII ACs, and ON RGCs show no light responses due to the loss of TRPM1. ON CBCs and AII ACs exhibit membrane oscillations. Both OFF and ON RGCs show spontaneous oscillatory firing. (D) Schematic diagram of the Trpm1 KO circuit model. Due to the loss of TRPM1, RBCs and ON CBCs do not respond to light stimulation. The cells with oscillations are shown by striped patterns. (E) Simulated membrane potential changes in the mGluR6 KO circuit model. OFF CBCs and OFF RGCs respond to light stimulation. RBCs, ON CBCs, AII ACs, and ON RGCs show no light responses due to the loss of mGluR6. ON CBCs and AII ACs do not exhibit marked membrane oscillations. (F) Schematic diagram of the mGluR6 KO circuit model. Due to the loss of mGluR6, RBCs and ON CBCs do not respond to light stimulation. (G) Simulated membrane potential changes in the rd1 circuit model. RBCs, ON CBCs, OFF CBCs, AII ACs, OFF RGCs, and ON RGCs show no light responses due to photoreceptor degeneration. ON CBCs and AII ACs exhibit membrane oscillations, similar to those observed in the Trpm1 KO circuit model (C). OFF and ON RGCs show spontaneous oscillatory firing. (H) Schematic diagram of the rd1 circuit model. Due to photoreceptor degeneration, BCs do not receive synaptic currents from photoreceptors. The cells with oscillations are shown by striped patterns.

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