Proportion of each sample in CITE-seq and RNA and protein expression of T _RM _2. (A) UMAP (left) and bar chart (right) showing the proportion of each sample (CD: CD Patient 1–3; Control: Ctrl-Patient 1–3 in Table S1). (B) Volcano plot depicting differentially expressed genes (left) and proteins (right) in the T_RM_2 cluster. (C) Single-cell GSEA using gene sets from activated CD4⁺ T_RM in published dataset (GSE126030). (D) Reference mapping using scRNA-seq data from prior dataset (GSE218000) showing T_RM from control (left), CD (center), and ulcerative colitis (UC) (right). (E) Flow cytometry comparison of IFN-γ expression in HLA-DR–negative (HLA-DR⁻) and HLA-DR–positive (HLA-DR⁺) cells among CD3⁺ CD4⁺ CD103⁺ T cells from CD patients. n = 3 per group. Statistical significance for the comparisons was determined using a paired t test. *P < 0.05. UC, ulcerative colitis.