Electrostatic potential distribution patterns on the proposed lipid bilayer-facing surface of the computationally modeled caveolin oligomers. (A–H) Examples of different patterns of charged residues on the proposed membrane-facing surface are shown for representative caveolin oligomers predicted by AF2.2. They include (A) completely neutral surface; (B and C) a negatively charged ring contributed by a single Glu or a single aspartic acid (Asp) located in the middle of the spoke region; (D) a negatively charged ring contributed by a single Glu located near the C-terminal region of the spoke region; (E) two negatively charged rings contributed by a Glu or Asp in the middle of the spoke region; (F) a single negatively charged ring contributed by a Glu and an Asp in the middle of the spoke region, (G) a positively charged ring contributed by a lysine (Lys) in the middle of the spoke region, and (H) a positively charged ring contributed by a Lys near the C-terminal region of the spoke region. The percentage of caveolin complexes exhibiting each pattern is listed below each model (from a total of 74 caveolins investigated); Glu, glutamic acid; Asp, aspartic acid.