Serum levels of IFN-α and MIP-1β in critically ill COVID-19 patients with or without neutralizing autoantibodies against type I interferons (IFNs). (A) IFN-α levels were lower in patients positive for type I IFN autoantibodies compared to negative individuals. (B) MIP-1β levels showed a trend toward elevation in autoantibody-positive patients. Data are presented as median with interquartile range. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test.