The time series of VSD structural transition, gating pore opening, and ion permeation. (A and B) This figure presents a comprehensive study of WT and mutants (R1, R2, and R3) in VSD_I (A) and VSD_II (B). Each panel shows the z positions of gating-charge residues relative to HCS (top), the minimum pore radius of VSDs (middle), and ion permeations (bottom) with the function of time.