Timeline of GBM preclinical modeling. The timeline traces key developments in GBM modeling, starting with tumor explants in the 1940s, cancer cell lines in the 1960s (e.g., U87), GEMMs in the 1980s, tumor organoids/spheroids (TOs) in the 1990s, cancer stem cells (GSCs) in the 2000s, and ex vivo models like GLICOs in the 2020s. Examples of notable landmarks driving these models include the identification of pathological anatomy in the 1930s (Bailey and Eisenhardt, 1932), genetic alterations in the 1980s (McDonald and Dohrmann, 1988), gene expression signatures in 2010 (Verhaak et al., 2010), and single-cell transcriptomics in the 2020s (Neftel et al., 2019). scRNAseq: single-cell RNA sequencing, OPC: oligodendrocyte progenitor -like cell, NPC: neural progenitor -like cell, AC: astrocyte -like cell, MES: mesenchymal-like cell. Created in BioRender.
Figure 1.

Timeline of GBM preclinical modeling. The timeline traces key developments in GBM modeling, starting with tumor explants in the 1940s, cancer cell lines in the 1960s (e.g., U87), GEMMs in the 1980s, tumor organoids/spheroids (TOs) in the 1990s, cancer stem cells (GSCs) in the 2000s, and ex vivo models like GLICOs in the 2020s. Examples of notable landmarks driving these models include the identification of pathological anatomy in the 1930s (Bailey and Eisenhardt, 1932), genetic alterations in the 1980s (McDonald and Dohrmann, 1988), gene expression signatures in 2010 (Verhaak et al., 2010), and single-cell transcriptomics in the 2020s (Neftel et al., 2019). scRNAseq: single-cell RNA sequencing, OPC: oligodendrocyte progenitor -like cell, NPC: neural progenitor -like cell, AC: astrocyte -like cell, MES: mesenchymal-like cell. Created in BioRender.

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