The activation of MAPK signaling in the colon of DSS-induced colitis. (A–C) 8-wk-old mice were exposed to the 3% DSS for 3 days and the colon was collected for cryosection. Representative colonic immunofluorescence images stained with antibodies against CD45 (blue), EpCAM (green), and different MAPKs including p-p38 (A, red), p-ERK1/2 (B, red) and p-JNK (C, red). Data are representative of one of two independent experiments. Scale bars, 20 μm; zoom-in scale bars, 4 μm. Data are mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was tested by two-tailed Student’s unpaired t test (A–C), ****P < 0.0001.