Simulations varying v, using N = 30 and κ _sys = 2 pN/nm. (A–H) Left panels are simulated time courses of force, F, and right panels are F and N_MDP replotted and overlaid with Eqs. 1 (blue curve) and 2 (red curve) using v equal to (A and B) 1 s⁻¹, (C and D) 25 s⁻¹, (E and F) 100 s⁻¹, and (G and H) 200 s⁻¹. In these simulations, ∆G^o = −5.7 RT and d = 8 nm which according to Eq. 2 gives F_o= −N∆G^o/d = 90 pN when N_AMD = N_MDP. The simulated time courses of state occupancies are in Fig. S3.