Simulations using N = 30, κ sys = 2 pN nm −1 , and v = 50 s −1 compared with Eqs. 1 and 2 . (A–C) Plots of Eqs. 1 (blue curve) and 2 (red curve) are overlaid with replots (black trace) of simulated time courses of (B) NMDP (green trace), NAMD (orange trace), and (C) force. Four phases of isometric force generation (binding, ergodic, isothermal, and catastrophic) are labeled both in the NMDP domain of force (Eqs. 1 and 2, A) and in the time domain of force (C). In these simulations, ∆Go = −5.7 RT and d = 8 nm which according to Eq. 2 gives Fo= −N∆Go/d = 90 pN when NAMD = NMDP.