Figure 1.
PA triggers systemic and cellular insulin resistance. (A–F and I) Fish were fed with CON or PO diet for 10 wk. After 12 h fasting, final body weight and blood glucose were measured; plasma, liver, and muscle samples were collected. (A) Final body weight of fish fed different diets (n = 10 fish per group). (B) Plasma nonesterified free fatty acid (NEFA) of fish fed different diets (n = 8 fish per group). (C and D) TG levels in liver (C) and skeletal muscle (D) were measured in fish fed different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (E and F) Blood glucose (E) and plasma insulin levels (F) were measured in fasted fish fed different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (G and H) Glucose tolerance (GTT, G) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT, H) were evaluated in fish after treatment with different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (I) Phosphorylation levels of AKT were measured by immunoblotting in the liver and skeletal muscle of fish fed different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (J) TG levels in fish myocytes were analyzed under control or 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h or 24 h (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). (K) Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was detected by 2-DG uptake assays under control or 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h in fish myocytes (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). (L) Phosphorylation levels of AKT in fish myocytes and C2C12 myotubes were tested by immunoblotting in the presence of the indicated concentrations of PA for 12 h (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). (M) Phosphorylation levels of the indicated proteins in fish myocytes and C2C12 myotubes were detected by immunoblotting (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). Cells were pretreated with control or 500 μM PA for 12 h, and then stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 5 min. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM and were analyzed using independent t tests (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Source data are available for this figure: SourceData F1.

PA triggers systemic and cellular insulin resistance. (A–F and I) Fish were fed with CON or PO diet for 10 wk. After 12 h fasting, final body weight and blood glucose were measured; plasma, liver, and muscle samples were collected. (A) Final body weight of fish fed different diets (n = 10 fish per group). (B) Plasma nonesterified free fatty acid (NEFA) of fish fed different diets (n = 8 fish per group). (C and D) TG levels in liver (C) and skeletal muscle (D) were measured in fish fed different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (E and F) Blood glucose (E) and plasma insulin levels (F) were measured in fasted fish fed different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (G and H) Glucose tolerance (GTT, G) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT, H) were evaluated in fish after treatment with different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (I) Phosphorylation levels of AKT were measured by immunoblotting in the liver and skeletal muscle of fish fed different diets (n = 6 fish per group). (J) TG levels in fish myocytes were analyzed under control or 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h or 24 h (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). (K) Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was detected by 2-DG uptake assays under control or 500 μM PA treatment for 12 h in fish myocytes (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). (L) Phosphorylation levels of AKT in fish myocytes and C2C12 myotubes were tested by immunoblotting in the presence of the indicated concentrations of PA for 12 h (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). (M) Phosphorylation levels of the indicated proteins in fish myocytes and C2C12 myotubes were detected by immunoblotting (n = 3 independent wells per treatment). Cells were pretreated with control or 500 μM PA for 12 h, and then stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 5 min. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM and were analyzed using independent t tests (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Source data are available for this figure: SourceData F1.

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