Visual impairment induced by intracisternal injection of human Aβ _1–42 . (A) Schematic of multi-time point CN injection of Aβ oligomers. (B and C) Optomotor response test showing the time and number of head motion responses under different grating densities in mice 3, 7, and 15 days after injection of hAβ tracer into the CM (n = 8). (D–F) OCT imaging and HE staining of the retina in mice at time points 7 and 15 days, with quantitative analysis of retinal thickness (n = 8). (G and J) Representative immunofluorescence staining images of RPE65 (RPE-specific marker) in retinal sections and corresponding quantitative analysis showing decreased RPE65⁺ fluorescence intensity after 3, 7, and 15 days after Aβ injection (n = 4). (H and K) Representative immunofluorescence staining images of TUJ1 in retinal sections and corresponding quantitative analysis showing decreased TUJ1⁺ area percentage at time points of 7 and 15 days (n = 4). (I and L) Representative immunofluorescence staining images of Rhodopsin in retinal sections and corresponding quantitative analysis showing no significant difference in Rhodopsin⁺ area percentage among the above three time points. Representative of three independent experiments. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests (E and J–L) or repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests (B, C, and F). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, 15-day control group versus 15-day Aβ group; #P < 0.05, 7-day control group versus 7-day Aβ group.