Impairment of visual function and retinal pathology in 10-mo-old 5×FAD mice. (A) Representative images of fundus, autofluorescence, and OCT in 5×FAD and WT mice, with white arrowheads indicating hyperautofluorescence spots in fundus images. (B and C) (B) Quantification of the number of hyperautofluorescence spots in the fundus and (C) retinal thickness measured by OCT (n = 9). (D–F) Schematic diagram of light–dark box experiments and quantification of the duration and number of entries into the dark box in WT and 5×FAD mice (n = 9). (G) Schematic diagram of optomotor response test in 5×FAD and WT mice (n = 9). (H and I) Quantification of (H) optomotor motion and (I) the duration of head movements for each grating density. (J and K) Representative images and quantitative analysis of RPE65 (green) staining in retinal cryosections from WT and 5×FAD mice (n = 5). (L and M) Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of PNA and Rhodopsin showing reduced expression levels in 5×FAD mice compared with WT mice (n = 5). (N and O) Representative images of retinal sections stained with HE and quantitative analysis of retinal thickness in WT and 5×FAD mice (n = 4). Representative of three independent experiments. All data are presented as mean ± SE of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance was assessed using the Mann–Whitney test (B, E, and F), two-tailed unpaired t tests (K, M, and O), or repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (C, H, and I). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; IS, inner segment; OS, outer segment; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.
Figure 3.

Impairment of visual function and retinal pathology in 10-mo-old 5×FAD mice. (A) Representative images of fundus, autofluorescence, and OCT in 5×FAD and WT mice, with white arrowheads indicating hyperautofluorescence spots in fundus images. (B and C) (B) Quantification of the number of hyperautofluorescence spots in the fundus and (C) retinal thickness measured by OCT (n = 9). (D–F) Schematic diagram of light–dark box experiments and quantification of the duration and number of entries into the dark box in WT and 5×FAD mice (n = 9). (G) Schematic diagram of optomotor response test in 5×FAD and WT mice (n = 9). (H and I) Quantification of (H) optomotor motion and (I) the duration of head movements for each grating density. (J and K) Representative images and quantitative analysis of RPE65 (green) staining in retinal cryosections from WT and 5×FAD mice (n = 5). (L and M) Immunofluorescence staining and quantification of PNA and Rhodopsin showing reduced expression levels in 5×FAD mice compared with WT mice (n = 5). (N and O) Representative images of retinal sections stained with HE and quantitative analysis of retinal thickness in WT and 5×FAD mice (n = 4). Representative of three independent experiments. All data are presented as mean ± SE of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance was assessed using the Mann–Whitney test (B, E, and F), two-tailed unpaired t tests (K, M, and O), or repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test (C, H, and I). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. GCL, ganglion cell layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; IS, inner segment; OS, outer segment; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.

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