Intravesical BCG therapy for BC induces an inflammatory response as reflected by UDCs. (A) Schematic of urine collection from a BC patient undergoing BCG therapy. The patient’s voided urine was collected weekly, before and after hour-long BCG instillation, over the 6-week therapy. (B) Bar-plot of live UDCs from each urine sample represented in live cells per ml of urine. (C) Comparison of live UDCs before and after 1 hour of BCG, grouped across all 6 week of treatment. A paired Wilcoxon test was performed (P value = 0.0312; *). (D) UMAP of 1,423 UDCs integrated across urine collections from the patient. Cells are colored according to cluster. (E and F) Bar-plot comparison of UDC composition for each timepoint (E) and between pre- and post-BCG samples, across all timepoints (F). W, week. (G and H) (G) Volcano plot and (H) GSEA summarizing DEGs between pre- and post-BCG UDCs across all timepoints. (I and J) (I) Volcano plot and (J) GSEA of DEGs between pre- and post-BCG UDCs from Week 1. Cutoffs of log₂FC > |1| and P value <0.05 were used for volcano plots and pathway analysis.