Two-phase differential expression of proteasome genes in atrophying mouse muscle in vivo. (A–I) Time course of induction of selected proteasome and chaperone genes and UPS components was determined by RT-PCR analysis of mRNA preparations from TA muscles at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 28 days after denervation. Means ± SEM are presented as a ratio to innervated muscles. N = 7 mice per time point. *, P < 0.05; **P < 0.001 versus innervated by one-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. (J) Increased protein levels were confirmed for representative genes by analysis of soluble fractions from innervated and denervated muscles by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. Source data are available for this figure: SourceData F2.