Nutritional intervention for disease therapy. (A) The effects of calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, or the ketogenic diet on T cell immunity and disease outcomes in mice and humans. (B) The effects of in vitro metabolic conditioning, including glucose deprivation, glutamine blockade, asparagine deprivation, or supplementation with potassium, inosine, and acetate, on CD8⁺ T cell fate and function in vivo (top row). The effects of in vivo treatments that mimic calorie restriction, including mTOR inhibition, AMPK activation, induction of autophagy, and deletion of amino acid transporters, on T cell fate and function. Bone marrow (BM), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).