Figure 1.
Non-professional efferocytosis in the intestine of infected neonatal mice. (A) Immunostaining for Lamp1 (red) and S. Typhimurium (GFP, green) in S. Typhimurium–infected neonatal small intestinal tissue sections at day 4 p.i. Counterstaining with E-cadherin (white) and DAPI (blue). Bar, 10 μm. (B–D) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the small intestinal epithelium at day 4 p.i. (B) Intraepithelial SCV-like endosome with S. Typhimurium but without cell debris. The white square in the left panel indicates the area that is magnified in the right panel. N, nucleus; S, S. Typhimurium. Bar, 5 μm (left) and 1 μm (right panel). (C) Intraepithelial Salmonella containing endosome with cell debris likely derived from efferocytosis. The white square indicates the area that is magnified in the panel on the right. N, nucleus; M, mitochondria; S, S. Typhimurium. Bar, 5 μm (left) and 1 μm (middle and right panel). (D) Small intestinal epithelium illustrating intraepithelial endosomes containing S. Typhimurium and cell debris (i and ii) or only cell debris (iii). Arrowheads in the inset in panel ii indicate the growing septum of a dividing S. Typhimurium. S, S. Typhimurium. Bar, 1 μm. (E and F) Staining for 5′OH DNA strand ends as a sign of DNase type II activity (green) and S. Typhimurium (GFP, red) in small intestinal tissue sections at day 4 p.i. Counterstaining with DAPI (blue). Bar, 20 μm (overview image) and 10 μm (single-color channels). (G and H) Percentage of (G) type II DNAse (efferosome)-positive cells among all S. Typhimurium–positive IECs and (H) S. Typhimurium–positive cells among all type II DNAse (efferosome)-positive IECs. 40 image fields with the size of 312.35 × 250.61 µm of small intestinal tissue sections obtained at day 4 p.i. from three individual S. Typhimurium–infected neonatal animals were analyzed. (I) Quantitative evaluation of the number of type II DNAse (efferosome)-positive IECs at different regions of the epithelium along the crypt–villus axis (tip, middle, bottom, intervillus region). 68 villi from three individual S. Typhimurium–infected neonatal animals at day 4 p.i. were analyzed. One-way ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test. **, P < 0.01; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, non-significant.

Non-professional efferocytosis in the intestine of infected neonatal mice. (A) Immunostaining for Lamp1 (red) and S. Typhimurium (GFP, green) in S. Typhimurium–infected neonatal small intestinal tissue sections at day 4 p.i. Counterstaining with E-cadherin (white) and DAPI (blue). Bar, 10 μm. (B–D) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the small intestinal epithelium at day 4 p.i. (B) Intraepithelial SCV-like endosome with S. Typhimurium but without cell debris. The white square in the left panel indicates the area that is magnified in the right panel. N, nucleus; S, S. Typhimurium. Bar, 5 μm (left) and 1 μm (right panel). (C) Intraepithelial Salmonella containing endosome with cell debris likely derived from efferocytosis. The white square indicates the area that is magnified in the panel on the right. N, nucleus; M, mitochondria; S, S. Typhimurium. Bar, 5 μm (left) and 1 μm (middle and right panel). (D) Small intestinal epithelium illustrating intraepithelial endosomes containing S. Typhimurium and cell debris (i and ii) or only cell debris (iii). Arrowheads in the inset in panel ii indicate the growing septum of a dividing S. Typhimurium. S, S. Typhimurium. Bar, 1 μm. (E and F) Staining for 5′OH DNA strand ends as a sign of DNase type II activity (green) and S. Typhimurium (GFP, red) in small intestinal tissue sections at day 4 p.i. Counterstaining with DAPI (blue). Bar, 20 μm (overview image) and 10 μm (single-color channels). (G and H) Percentage of (G) type II DNAse (efferosome)-positive cells among all S. Typhimurium–positive IECs and (H) S. Typhimurium–positive cells among all type II DNAse (efferosome)-positive IECs. 40 image fields with the size of 312.35 × 250.61 µm of small intestinal tissue sections obtained at day 4 p.i. from three individual S. Typhimurium–infected neonatal animals were analyzed. (I) Quantitative evaluation of the number of type II DNAse (efferosome)-positive IECs at different regions of the epithelium along the crypt–villus axis (tip, middle, bottom, intervillus region). 68 villi from three individual S. Typhimurium–infected neonatal animals at day 4 p.i. were analyzed. One-way ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test. **, P < 0.01; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, non-significant.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal