Figure S1.

The mutant R198H displayed a shift in voltage dependence of activation that was about −17 mV per unit of pH EXT . If the change in voltage dependence is due to a purely electrostatic effect on the VSD, then the effect on the kinetic of activation is due to a local electrostatic bias. Accordingly, the plots in Fig. 3, G–I, were replotted changing the values of the X-axis at a rate of −17 m V/pHEXT, using the VACT values for the plot at pHEXT 7.4 as a reference, In doing so, we observed that the plots in Fig. 3, G–I, tend to overlap, strongly suggesting that the difference in the parameters tFAST, tSLOW, and f1 are due to an electrostatic effect from the protonation.

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